Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects the joints.

The immune system is designed to identify and to fight off infections to keep you healthy. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system starts attacking your own healthy tissues.

How do joints work?

• Joints are places where bones meet.
• At the joint, the ends of the bones are covered in a thin layer of slippery cartilage so the joint moves smoothly. The joint is wrapped in a capsule and there is a fluid (called synovial fluid) within the joint capsule which lubricates and nourishes the joint.
• The inside lining of the capsule is called the synovium.

What happens in RA?

In people with RA, the immune system attacks the lining of the joints (called the synovium) which causes inflammation and eventually damage to the joints. Small joints are most often affected in the hands and feet, but larger joints can be affected also (such as the knees and hips).

What causes RA?

The cause of RA is unknown but it is more common in people who have RA in their family or who smoke.

What are the symptoms?

• The symptoms will vary from person to person, but most commonly affect the joints.
• The most common symptoms are pain and swelling of the joints, and stiffness especially in the morning. Often the joints are affected in a symmetrical pattern (i.e. the same joints are affected on both sides.
• Less commonly you can have more general symptoms like tiredness.

Please contact your doctor if your symptoms change.

How is it diagnosed?

A rheumatologist will diagnose and treat RA.

It can be difficult and take time to diagnose RA. Your doctor will make a diagnosis based on your symptoms and some tests, which can include blood tests and x-rays.

How is it treated?

While there is no cure for RA, there are a variety of medicines available to help with the symptoms and reduce damage to the joints, especially if started early. A rheumatologist will advise you on what treatment is best for you.

Eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, not smoking, and avoiding too much stress can help your general health and wellbeing.